Cladus: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Magnoliophyta
Classis: Magnoliopsida
Ordo: Malpighiales
Familia: Phyllanthaceae
Tribus: Phyllantheae
Subtribus: Flueggeinae
Genus: Phyllanthus
Species: P. abnormis - P. acidus - P. acuminatus - P. amarus - P. angustifolius - P. arbuscula - P. atropurpureus - P. brasiliensis - P. chacoensis - P. cochinchinensis - P. debilis - P. emblica - P. engleri - P. fraternus - P. grandifolius - P. lacunarius - P. maderaspatensis - P. muellerianus - P. niruri - P. parvifolius - P. piscatorum - P. pseudocanami - P. reticulatus - P. saffordii - P. salviifolius - P. tenellus - P. urinaria - P. virgatus
Name
Phyllanthus L.
Phyllanthus is the largest genus in the family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number species in this genus vary widely, from 750[1] to 1200.[2] Phyllanthus has a remarkable diversity of growth forms including annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, climbers, floating aquatics, and pachycaulous succulents. Some have flattened leaflike stems called cladodes. It has a wide variety of floral morphologies and chromosome numbers and has one of the widest range of pollen types of any seed plant genus.
Despite their variety, almost all Phyllanthus species express a specific type of growth called "phyllanthoid branching" in which the vertical stems bear deciduous, floriferous (flower-bearing), plagiotropic (horizontal or oblique) stems. The leaves on the main (vertical) axes are reduced to scales called "cataphylls", while leaves on the other axes develop normally.[3] Phyllanthus is distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions on Earth. Leafflower is the common name for all Phyllanthus species.
The circumscription of this genus has been a cause of much confusion and disagreement. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic over Reverchonia, Glochidion, Sauropus, and Breynia. A recent revision of the family Phyllanthaceae has subsumed all four of these genera into Phyllanthus.[4] This enlarged version of Phyllanthus might eventually be divided into smaller genera, but much more research will be needed before anyone knows how to do this. Progress continues to be made in this area.[5] [6]
Medical interest
The herb Phyllanthus emblica has gained interest as a potiential treatment for human bone disorders[7] as well as diabetes patients.[8]
Gaining attention for its potential effects against hepatitis B, [9] research on Phyllanthus niruri has revealed possible antiviral activity also against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[10]
Phyllanthus plants have been used in folk medicine used to treat a wide number of diseases. In Indian Ayurvedic medicine, various herbaceous Phyllanthus species are known as bhuiamla,[11] a name previously assigned to P. niruri only. Bhuiamla is prescribed for jaundice, gonorrhea and diabetes (internal use) as well as poultices, skin ulcer and other skin problems (external use). Infusions are made from young shoots as a treatment of chronic dysentery. None of these supposed benefits, however, is established with scientific research.
Leaves, roots, stem, bark and berries of this genus contain lignans (e.g. phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin) and a variety of other phytochemicals.[12][13][14]
Species:
A
P. abnormis -- Drummond's leaf-flower
[synon. = P. drummondii]
P. abnormis var. abnormis
P. abnormis var. riograndensis
P. acidus -- Country gooseberry, Gooseberry tree, Malay gooseberry, Otaheite gooseberry or Tahitian gooseberry tree
[synon. = Averrhoa acida]
[synon. = Cicca acida]
[synon. = C disticha]
[synon. = P. distichus]
P. acinacifolius
P. actephilifolius
P. acuminatissimus
P. acuminatus -- Jamaican gooseberry tree
P. adenophyllus -- Rio Grande leafflower
P. aeneus
P. aeneus var. aeneus
P. aeneus var. cordifolius
P. aeneus var. longistylis
P. aeneus var. nepouiensis
P. aeneus var. papillosus
P. affinis
P. anabaptizatus
P. anadenus
[synon. = P. subapicalis]
P. anceps
P. angolensis
P. angulatus
[synon. = Fluggea microcarpa]
P. angustifolius
P. aoupiniensis
P. apiculatus
P. aquaticus
P. arbuscula
P. archboldianus
P. ardisianthus
P. aricularia
P. arvensis
P. asperulatus
P. atabapoensis
P. attenuatus
P. augustifolius
P. avanguiensis
P. avicularia
B
P. baccatus
P. bahamensis
P. balansaeanus
P. balansaeanus var. balansaeanus
P. balansaeanus var. glaber
P. baracoensis
P. beillei
P. benguetensis
P. bernhardii
P. bernierianus
P. bernierianus var. bernierianus
P. bernierianus var. glaber
P. berteroanus
P. biantherifer
P. biflorus
P. biglobosus
P. blancoanus
P. boehmii
P. boguenensis
P. borjaesis
P. bourgeoisii
P. brachycladus
[synon. = P. rupestris]
P. brachycladus var. brachycladus
P. brachycladus var. oblongifolius
P. brachyphyllus
P. brandegei
P. breviramis
P. brevistipulus
P. buchii
P. bupleuroides
P. bupleuroides var. bupleuroides
P. bupleuroides var. latiaxialis
P. buxifolius
C
P. caesiifolius
P. caespitosus
P. calcicola
P. cardiophyllus
P. caribaeus
P. carolinensis -- Carolina leafflower
P. carolinensis var. carolinensis
P. carolinensis var. saxicola
P. carlottae
P. carnosulus
P. carrenoi
P. cassioides
P. caudatifolius
P. caudatus
P. caudatus var. caudatus
P. caudatus var. pubescens
P. caymanensis
P. ceramanthus
P. ceratostemon
P. chacoensis
P. chamaecerasus
P. chamaecerasus var. aoupiniensis
P. chamaecerasus var. chamaecerasus
P. chamaecerasus var. longipedicellatus
P. chamaecerasus var. meoriensis
P. chamecristoides
P. chamecristoides var. chamecristoides
P. chamecristoides var. similis
P. chimantae
P. choretroides
P. choristylus
P. ciliato-glandulosus
P. cinereus
P. cladotrichus
P. clamboides
P. claussenii
P. claussenii var. claussenii
P. claussenii var. oblongifolius
P. coalcomanensis
P. coelophyllus
P. comosus
P. confusus
P. congestus
P. conjugatus
P. corcovadensis
P. coxianus
P. crassinervius
P. cristallensis
P. croizatii
D
P. debilis -- Lagoon spurge, Niruri
P. delagoensis
P. delicatissimus
P. diffusus -- Stipulate leafflower
[synon. = P. stipulatus]
P. dimorphus
P. discoideus
P. dracunculoides
P. dracunculoides var. amieuensis
P. dracunculoides var. dracunculoides
P. dracunculoides var. tiwakaensis
P. duidae
P. mallesha
E
P. echinospermus
P. ekmanii
P. emblica -- Emblic, Emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry or Myrobalan
[synon. = Emblica officinalis]
P. engleri
P. epiphyllanthus
P. epiphyllanthus subsp. epiphyllanthus var. epiphyllanthus
P. epiphyllanthus subsp. domingensis
P. epiphyllanthus var. dilatatus
P. ericoides
P. erythranthus
P. erythrotrichus
P. estrellensis
P. euwensii
P. excisus
F
P. faguettii
P. faguettii var. brevipedicellatus
P. faguettii var. faguettii
P. fastigiatus
P. favieri
P. favieri var. favieri
P. favieri var. kaalaensis
P. ferax
P. flagelliformis
P. flagelliformis var. demonstrans
P. flagelliformis var. flagelliformis
P. flexuosus
P. fluitans
P. formosus
P. fraguensis
P. fraternus -- Gulf leafflower
P. friesii
P. fuertesii
G
P. galeottianus
P. gallinetae
P. garberi
P. gastroemii
P. gentryi
P. gillettianus
P. glaucophyllus
P. glaucoviridis
P. glaziovii
P. glochidioides
P. gneissicus
P. gneissicus var. brumoiriensis
P. gneissicus var. gneissicus
P. goniocladus
P. gongyloides
P. gossweileri
P. grahamii
P. graminicola
P. grandifolius
P. greenei
P. grisebachianus
H
P. hakgalensis
P. hainanensis
P. haplocladus
P. harrimanii
P. haughtii
P. heliotropus
P. heteromorpha
P. heyneanus
P. holostylus
P. hotteanus
P. houailouensis
P. huallagensis
P. hurlimanii
P. hutchinsonianus
I
P. ibonensis
P. ichthyomethius
P. inaequalis
P. inaequiflorus
P. inaequifolius
P. incrustatus
P. incurvus
P. inflatus
P. isolepsis
P. itatiaiensis
J
P. jablonskianus
P. jaffrei
P. jauaensis
P. jaubertii
P. juglandifolius
P. jullienii
P. junceus
K
P. kaessneri
P. kirganelia
P. klotzschianus
P. klotzschianus var. klotzschianus
P. klotzschianus var. robustus
P. koniamboensis
P. koniamboensis var. koniamboensis
P. koniamboensis var. taomensis
P. korthalsii
P. koumacensis
koumacensis var. brevitepalis
koumacensis var. koumacensis
L
P. lacerilobus
P. larensis
P. lathyroides
P. lathyroides var. lathyroides
P. lathyroides var. microphyllus
P. laxiflorus
P. lediformis
P. leonardorum
P. leptobotryosus
P. leucanthus
[synon. = P. eylesii]
P. leucocalyx
P. leytensis
P. liebmannianus
P. lindbergsii
P. loandensis
P. longipes
P. longiflorus
P. longistylis
P. loranthoides
P. loranthoides var. longifolius
P. loranthoides var. loranthoides
P. loranthoides var. ripicola
P. luciliae
M
P. macranthus
P. madeirensis
[synon. = P. acutifolius]
P. maderaspatensis -- Canoe weed
P. maestrensis
P. mafingensis
P. majus
P. maleolens
P. mandjeliaensis
P. mangenotii
P. manicaensis
P. marianus
P. marguirei
P. martinii
P. matsumurae
P. mcphersonii
P. mcvaughii
P. martii
P. megalanthus
P. melanodiscus
P. memaoyaensis
P. mendesii
P. mendoncae
P. mickelii
P. micrandus
P. micranthus
P. microcladus
P. microdendron
P. microdictyus
P. micromalus
P. micromeris
P. microphyllus
P. microphyllus var. microphyllus
P. microphyllus var. radicans
P. mimicus
P. minarum
P. minimus
P. minor
P. minutiflorus
P. minutifolius
P. mirabilis
(NOTE: this species is the only succulent in this genus)
P. montis-fontium
P. montrouzieri
P. montrouzieri var. montrouzieri
P. montrouzieri var. pandopensis
P. mouensis
P. muellerianus
P. myriophyllus
P. myrtaceus
P. myrtifolius -- Mousetail plant
P. myrtilloides
P. myrtilloides subsp. alainii
P. myrtilloides subsp. erythrinus
P. myrtilloides subsp. myrtilloides
N
P. nanus
P. neblinae
P. neogranatensis
P. neopeltandrus
P. ningaensis
P. niruri -- Gale of the wind, Quinine weed, Seed underleaf, Stone-breaker
[synon. = Diasperus niruri]
[synon. = P. asperulatus]
[synon. = P. filiformis]
P. niruri var. amarus -- Carry me seed
P. niruri var. niruri
P. niruri var. sellowianus
P. nivosus
P. nobilis
nobilis var. brasiliensis
nobilis var. nobilis
nobilis var. peruvianus
P. norlindii
P. nothisii
P. nummulariifolius
P. nummulariifolius var. capillaris
P. nummulariifolius var. nummulariifolius
P. nummulariodes
P. nyikae
O
P. oaxacanus
P. obfalcatus
P. odontadenius
P. omahakensis
P. orbiculatus
P. ovalifolius
[synon. = P. guineensis]
P
P. pachystylus
P. paezensis
P. paraqueensis
P. parvulus
P. paucitepalus
P. paxii
P. pectinatus
P. pentandrus
P. pentaphyllus
P. pentaphyllus var. pentaphyllus
P. pentaphyllus var. polycladus -- Five-petaled leafflower
P. phlebocarpus
P. pimichinianus
P. piscatorum
P. pillifer
P. pinnatus
[synon. = P. kirkianus]
P. pinosius
P. platylepsis
P. poeppigianus
P. polyanthus
P. polycladus
P. polycladus var. guadeloupensis
P. polycladus var. polycladus
P. polyphyllus
P. poueboensis
P. poumensis
P. poumensis var. longistylis
P. poumensis var. longitepalus
P. poumensis var. poumensis
P. procerus
P. profusus
P. prostratus
P. pruinosus
P. pseudocarunculatus
P. pseudocicca
P. pseudoconami
P. pseudoniruri
P. pseudonobilis
P. pseudotrichopodus
P. piscatorum
P. polygonoides -- Smartweed leafflower
P. pudens -- Birdseed leafflower
P. pulcher -- Tropical leafflower
P. punctulatus
P. purpusii
R
P. racemigerus
P. ramosii
P. ramosissimum
P. reticulatus -- Kajibajiba, Potatobush
P. reticulatus var. glaber
P. reticulatus var. reticulatus
P. retinervis
P. retroflexus
P. riedelianus
P. rivularis
P. rosellus
P. rotundifolius
[synon. = P. aspericaulis]
P. rupicola
S
P. scorbarius
P. selbyi
P. sagraeanus
P. sequoiafolius
P. serpentinicola
P. shaferi
P. sibuyanensis
P. simplex
[synon. = P. virgatus]
P. skutchii
P. smithianus
P. spathifolius
P. spruceanus
P. squamatus
P. strobilaceus
P. subcarnosus
P. subcuneatus
P. subemarginatus
P. sublanatus
T
P. tangoensis
P. taylorianus
[synon. = P. niruroides]
P. tenellus -- Mascarene island leafflower
P. tener
P. tenuicaulis
P. tenuipedicellatus
P. tenuipedicellatus var. kaloueholaensis
P. tenuipedicellatus var. tenuipedicellatus
P. tenuipedicellatus var. tontoutaensis
P. tenuipes
P. tepuicola
P. tequilaensis
P. thymoides
P. tsetserrae
U
P. udoricola
P. umbratus
P. urbanianus
P. urdanetensis
P. urinaria -- Chamberbitter, longstalked phyllanthus
P. ussuriensis
V
P. vacciniifolius
P. vacciniifolius subsp. vacciniifolius
P. vacciniifolius subsp. vinillaensis
P. valeriae
P. venosus
P. ventricosus
P. ventuarii
P. verrucosus
P. vespertilio
P. virgulatus
P. viridis
W
P. watsonii
P. welwitschianus
P. welwitschianus var. beillei
[synon. = Phyllanthus stolzianus]
P. welwitschianus var. welwitschianus
P. williamoides
P. wittei
P. womersleyi
P. woodii
P. wrightii
X
P. xiphephorus
Y
P. yaouhensis
P. yvettae
Z
P. zambicus
P. zanthoxyloides
P. zeylanicus
P. zippelianus
P. zornioides
References
1. ^ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book. third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press.[page needed]
2. ^ Kathriarachchi H, Hoffmann P, Samuel R, Wurdack KJ, Chase MW (July 2005). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes (plastid atpB, matK, 3'ndhF, rbcL, and nuclear PHYC)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36 (1): 112–34. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002. PMID 15904861.
3. ^ Webster, Grady L. (1994). "Classification of the Euphorbiaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/2399908. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2399908.
4. ^ Petra Hoffmann, Hashendra S. Kathriarachchi, and Kenneth J. Wurdack. 2006. "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae." Kew Bulletin 61(1):37-53.
5. ^ Hashendra S. Kathriarachchi, Rosabelle Samuel, Petra Hoffmann, Jelena Mlinarec, Kenneth J. Wurdack, Hélène Ralimanana, Tod F. Stuessy, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data." American Journal of Botany. 93(4):637-655.
6. ^ Kanchana Pruesapan, Ian R.H. Telford, Jeremy J. Bruhl, Stefano G.A. Draisma, and Peter C. Van Welzen. 2008. "Delimitation of Sauropus (Phyllanthaceae) Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data." Annals of Botany 102(6):1007-1018. (see External links below)
7. ^ Piva R, Penolazzi L, Borgatti M, et al. (August 2009). "Apoptosis of human primary osteoclasts treated with molecules targeting nuclear factor-kappaB". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1171: 448–56. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04906.x. PMID 19723088.
8. ^ Kusirisin W, Srichairatanakool S, Lerttrakarnnon P, et al. (March 2009). "Antioxidative activity, polyphenolic content and anti-glycation effect of some Thai medicinal plants traditionally used in diabetic patients". Medicinal Chemistry 5 (2): 139–47. doi:10.2174/157340609787582918. PMID 19275712. http://www.bentham-direct.org/pages/content.php?MC/2009/00000005/00000002/D0004C.SGM.
9. ^ P. niruri - Effects on Hepatitis B, Thyagarajan 1982; Mehrotra 1990; Yeh, et al. 1993; Wang 1995.[1]
10. ^ Ogata T, Higuchi H, Mochida S, et al. (November 1992). "HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 8 (11): 1937–44. doi:10.1089/aid.1992.8.1937. PMID 1283310.
11. ^ Puri, H. S. (2003) Rasayana: Ayurvedic herbs for longevity and rejuvenation. Taylor & Francis, London, pages 86-93.
12. ^ Murugaiyah V, Chan KL (June 2007). "Determination of four lignans in Phyllanthus niruri L. by a simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection". Journal of Chromatography. a 1154 (1-2): 198–204. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.079. PMID 17418855.
13. ^ Srivastava V, Singh M, Malasoni R, et al. (January 2008). "Separation and quantification of lignans in Phyllanthus species by a simple chiral densitometric method". Journal of Separation Science 31 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1002/jssc.200700282. PMID 18064620.
14. ^ Bagalkotkar G, Sagineedu SR, Saad MS, Stanslas J (December 2006). "Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 58 (12): 1559–70. doi:10.1211/jpp.58.12.0001. PMID 17331318.
External links
* Kathriarachchi, Hashendra (2005). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes (plastid atpB, matK, 3′ndhF, rbcL, and nuclear PHYC)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 112. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002.
* Pruesapan, K. (2008). "Delimitation of Sauropus (Phyllanthaceae) Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data". Annals of Botany 102: 1007. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn193.
